Euthanasia Essay -- mercy killing physician assisted suicide

EuthanasiaThe right to die with dignity, euthanasia and physician support suicide is a very sensitive issue debated in this country today. Euthanasia is the act of painlessly ending the life of a person for the sympathy of mercy. It is sometimes referred to as mercy killing. Americans are hearing more and more horror stories of the elderly tragically killing his or her spouse in value to avoid painful and horrible deaths. It is sad and amazing the extreme measure one had to go through to accomplish his or her death.More and more Americans are speaking out and fighting for the right to die. This however goes against all object lessons and ethical codes, for a physicians role to sustain life, not take hold it away. Although euthanasia and assisted suicide is not morally and ethically accepted, it should be an individual issue for those who face imminent death because death should be a personal choice, because death should be without unnecessary pain and suffering, and becau se most importantly death should be peaceful. Granted, euthanasia and physician suicide assisted seem to imperil the traditional medical values. All physicians take the Hippocratic Oath upon receiving their degree. This oath states those physicians are to prolong life and minimize suffering. In an article written by John Glasson he argues Physician assisted suicide presents one of the greatest contemporary challenges to the medical professions ethical responsibilities. Proposed as a instrument toward more humane care of the dying, assisted suicide threatens the very core of the medical professions ethical integrity (Glasson 91). Physicians have a moral and ethical responsibility to sustain life. They are in no position to render aid in a persons death... ... die with dignity.whole kit and boodle CitedDority, Barbara. The Ultimate Civil Liberty. Humanist. July/Aug. 1998 16-20.Sirs Researcher. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandrin Spring 1999. Sirs 1998 Death and Dying, volume 5, article 14. Glasson, John. Report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association. Issues in truth & Medicine. Summer 1994 91-97. Sirs Researcher. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandrin Springs 1999. Sirs 1994 Death and Dying, volume 4, article 50.Kamisar, Yale. The Future of Physician-Assisted Suicide. Minnesota Law Review. July 1998 48-53. Sirs Researcher. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandrin Springs 1999.Puchalski, Christina M. Life Before Death Facing Death with True Dignity. World & I. July 1998 34-39.Strasburg, Jenny. tolerate Rights Speaking the Language of Death. Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN). Scipps-Howard News Service.

Overview Of Belgium :: essays research papers

Belgium is located upon northwest Europe from which is bounded on the north by the Netherlands and the pairing Sea, on the east by Ger umteen and Luxembourg, and on the south and southwest by France.1 Due to this location, Belgium is also known as the Crossroads of Europe because it promotes trade and prosperity.2 avocation the extirpate of WWII, (NATO) in April 1949 to provide safeguards against possible Communist aggression and, Belgium joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization like the efforts of other democratic countries, to pass on economic recovery.1 U.S.-Belgian relations are excellent. Belgium is a close ally and works with the U.S. on many international issues. Belgian governments redeem been committed to the development of a strong, federal European Union with the ability to set common foreign and security policies as well as common economic policies.3 The Belgium government have also been proponents of strong transatlantic ties within NATO. The current Dehaene g overnment has repeated its desire for close ties with the United States on security issues and has expressed support for enlarging NATO to guard certain former Warsaw Pact nations.3 Belgium is a substantial aid donor, making bilateral and multilateral contributions to humanitarian aid and development programs.3 Belgium is a provider of peacekeeping troops and has participated in various peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Rwanda and former Yugoslavia.3 The United States and Belgium are indeed allies. Belgium joined the UN as a use up member on June 26, 1945, the country gave consistent support to the other Western democracies during the intense ideological and political struggle (the so-called cold war) with the USSR and the states within the Soviet sphere of influence.1 The United States and Belgium both share a promising and extensive economic consanguinity with each other. Under the evolving federal system, the primary areas of interest to U.S. telephone circuit include forei gn trade, environment and investment regimes and incentives.3 Belgium and the United States have strong reciprocal trade relations. Belgium is a major market for American exports in 1995. Since the end of World War 2, American businesses have played an active and important part in the Belgian economy.4 One example of US and Belgium economic relationship include the Telecommunications Services (TES). The partial privatization of BELGACOM and Ameritechs involvement in the company have met the greatest growth potential in mobile telephone services.5 Also, many other U.S. companies are already active in the value-added network services market in Belgium.

The Growing Problem of Music Piracy Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive

The Growing Problem of Music PiracyAt the turn of the millenium, the music industriousness has been flavord with an unforeseen phenomenon that has affected its very foundation - mass scale music piracy. The decline of CD gross sales in the past three historic period have been blamed on the availability of songs that can be downloaded from Internet sites and service providers like Napster, KaZaA and Morpheus free of charge. Today the issue of intellectual copyright assault in music has been taken more seriously than ever before, as large record labels and companies like Sony and EMI struggle to maintain healthy album sales in the face of online music piracy. In addition, music piracy affects more than just the corporate world - it affects the very artists who create music and receive no compensation for their efforts. In fact ?many high-profile and buzz artists, including Eminem, Oasis and most recently 50 Cent, have seen their upcoming albums undercut by file-sharing online befor e their schedule releases, prompting record labels to move up street dates to avoid losing album sales.? (Grossberg) In light of this, are a few positive aspects in the face of such widespread negativity but music file sharing continues to be a controversial topic in the world of music and the arts in general.Nevertheless, before analyzing the impact of music piracy on a mass scale, one must start from the beginning of the 1990?s when the music patience experienced a growth in CD sales. In fact, ?according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), album sales grew from US $24.1 billion to US $38.6 billion during the decade.?(Zentner) But this era was short-lived and as the nineties drew to a close, the amount of illegal file swapping exp... ...story of File Sharing.? , Consulted on November 19, 2004.Puretracks.com (2004). ?Radiohead.? , Consulted on November 20, 2004.RIAA (2004). ?RIAA Files password Lawsuits Against 750 Illegal File Sharers.? , Consult ed on November 19, 2004.VALDES, Robert. 2004. Stuffo. ?How ?Making It? Works Antigone Rising.? , Consulted on November 20, 2004. ZENTNER, Alejandro. Measuring the Effect of Online Music Piracy on Music Sales. Online at, consulted on November 18, 2004.

Winston Churchill Essay -- essays research papers

Winston Churchill was born on November 30, 1874, at Blenheim Palace, the famous palace near Oxford that was built by the rural area for John Churchill, the first duke of Marlborough. Blenheim meant a lot to Winston Churchill. It was there that he became engaged to his wife, Clementine Ogilvy Hozier. He later wrote his historical masterpiece, The Life and Times of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. With slope on his fathers side and American on his mothers, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill expressed the national qualities of both his parents. His name proves the richness of his historic background Winston, after the Royalist family, who the Churchills espouse before the English Civil War Leonard, after his remarkable grandfather, Leonard Jerome of New York Spencer, the married name of a daughter of the first duke of Marlborough, from who the family descended Churchill, the family name of the first duke, which his descendants maintained after the Battle of Waterloo. All thes e strands come together in a career that had no resemblance in British history for richness, length, and achievement. Churchill took a leading part in laying the foundations of the welfare state in Britain, in preparing the Royal Navy for World War I, and in settling the governmental boundaries in the Middle East after the war. In World War II he began as the leader of the United British Nation and demesne to resist the German domination of Europe, as an inspirer of the resistance among free good deal, and as a prime architect of victory. In this, and in the struggle against collectivism later, he made himself an essential link between the British and American people, for he saw that the best defense for the free world was for the English-speaking people to come together. (Down 133).Strongly historically minded, he also had predictive foresight British-American unity was the message of his last great book, A History of the English-speaking Peoples. He was a combination of a sold ier, writer, artist, and statesman. He was not so good as a party politician. He stands out not only as a great man of action, but as a writer of it too. He was a genius as a man he was charming, happy, and enthusiastic. As for personal faults, he was bound to be a great egoist so strong a personality was likely to be overbearing. He was something of a gambler, always too willing to take risks. In his ... ...ed across the Atlantic with a supply of weapons that made a beginning. On Oct. 26, 1951, at the age of 77, he again became prime minister, as well as minister of defense. As the Conservatives held a very small majority and Britain faced very difficult economic circumstances, only the old mans willpower enabled his government to survive. He held on to see the young Queen Elizabeth II crowned at Westminster in June 1953, attending as a Knight of the Garter, an honor he had received a few weeks earlier. In 1953, also, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. On April 5, 1955, i n his eightieth year, he resigned as prime minister, but he continued to sit in Commons until July 1964. Churchills later years were relatively calm. In 1958 the Royal academy devoted its galleries to a retrospective one-man show of his work. On April 9, 1963, he received, by special act of the U.S. Congress, the unique honor of being made an honorary American citizen. When he died in London on Jan. 24, 1965, at the age of 90, he was acclaimed as a citizen of the world, and on January 30 he was given the funeral of a hero. He was buried at Bladon, in the little churchyard near Blenheim Palace, his birthplace.

Niccolo Machiavelli :: Papers

Niccolo Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence on 3 May 1469 during a time of great political activity in Italy. His first usance in political affairs came at the young age of twenty-nine when the ruling regime of Savonrola fell from power in his native city. Though he had no previous administrative background, Machiavelli was appointed to serve as second chancellor of the Florentine Republic under the new government. His nomination to this powerful diplomatic post was in large part due to the powerful influence of the Italian humanists who stressed the need for an education in the humane disciplines of Latin, rhetoric, classical studies, superannuated history and moral philosophy subjects in which Machiavelli excelled as a student. The position of second chancellor included important responsibilities for the foreign and diplomatic relations of the majority rule and gave Machiavelli the opportunity to travel and observe first-hand t he successes and failures of leaders throughout Europe. It was from these experiences as a diplomat and ambassador that Machiavelli formed deep convictions about the methodology of effective leadership. Indeed, from his later(prenominal) writings it is evident that the foundation for much of his political philosophy rested upon the lessons he drew from the diplomatic and military events of his time. Machiavellis first assignment was on a mission to the court of Louis XII of France to appease the French leader after a disaster in their alliance against Pisa. He quickly learned that Florences spirit of its own importance was clearly at odds with the realities of its military position and relative wealth. To anyone educated in the school of modern kingship, his native government appeared vibrate and weak. Machiavelli took this embarrassment to heart and later wrote powerfully about the political necessity of military strength, the dangers of procrastination, the folly of appearing i rresolute, and the need for boldness, ferocity, and tangible power. A few historic period later, in October of 1502, Machiavelli was sent to meet with Cesare Borgia, the duke of Romagna and an audacious and threatening military power who later demanded a formal alliance with the Florentines. It was during this time of great political convulsion and upheaval in Italy that Machiavelli drew meaningful lessons from his observation and assessment of contemporary statecraft.

Niccolo Machiavelli :: Papers

Niccolo Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence on 3 May 1469 during a time of great governmental activity in Italy. His low gear role in political affairs came at the young age of twenty-nine when the ruling regime of Savonrola fell from power in his native city. though he had no previous administrative background, Machiavelli was appointed to serve as second chancellor of the Florentine Republic under the new governance. His nomination to this healthy diplomatic post was in large part due to the powerful influence of the Italian humanists who stressed the need for an education in the humane disciplines of Latin, rhetoric, genuine studies, ancient history and moral philosophy subjects in which Machiavelli excelled as a student. The position of second chancellor included important responsibilities for the foreign and diplomatic dealings of the republic and gave Machiavelli the opportunity to travel and observe first-hand the succes ses and failures of leaders throughout Europe. It was from these experiences as a diplomat and ambassador that Machiavelli formed deep convictions about the methodology of legal leadership. Indeed, from his later writings it is evident that the foundation for much of his political philosophy rested upon the lessons he drew from the diplomatic and military events of his time. Machiavellis first assignment was on a mission to the court of Louis XII of France to appease the French leader after a disaster in their alliance against Pisa. He quickly wise to(p) that Florences sense of its own importance was clearly at odds with the realities of its military position and relative wealth. To anyone educated in the school of modern kingship, his native government appeared vacillating and weak. Machiavelli took this embarrassment to heart and later wrote powerfully about the political necessity of military strength, the dangers of procrastination, the folly of appearing irresolute, and the n eed for boldness, ferocity, and tangible power. A fewer years later, in October of 1502, Machiavelli was sent to meet with Cesare Borgia, the duke of Romagna and an audacious and threatening military power who later demanded a formal alliance with the Florentines. It was during this time of great political turmoil and upheaval in Italy that Machiavelli drew meaningful lessons from his observation and assessment of contemporary statecraft.

“Tyronian” Tragedy

In Eugene ONeills agonizingly autobiographical play Long Days Journey into Night, readers are introduced a dismal family situation. Drugs, death, illness and failure lace each conversation, and sadness flows nearly as unreservedly as the alcohol. In such a tragedy, nonpareil would expect to have a clear idea of with whom the blame lies. In this piece of drama, however, there is a distinct inability to do so. Eugene ONeill persistently manipulates the emotional responses of the reader. This manipulation keeps partiality off balance and uncertain.ONeill accomplishes this by allowing readers to sympathize with unmatched family member. Once sympathy is established for superstar particular lineament, that character promptly says, or does, something that loses the readers alliance, along with the alliance of whichever character he or she is berating at that particular moment. This results in the readers inability to discern who, precisely, is culpable for the Tyrone familys situation . The idea of assigning culpability in Long Days Journey Into Night is almost humourous.Even if one wanted to, it would be difficult to sort through ageing age of built up anger, layer upon layer of repression, and huge amounts of guilt in each character for each character is at fault for one thing or a nonher, and, in addition, each character blames someone else for his or her problem. For example, Mary blames her husband and his stingyness for her addiction to morphine. Due to their mother being an addict, Jamie is otiose to bring girls home, thus he visits prostitutes. Such behavior has influenced his younger brother Edmund, making him old in the lead his time (35).Consequently, Jamie is at fault for Edmunds poor health. In turn, his mother, for causing the addiction by being brought into the world, as well as worsening it with his own illness, blames Edmund. And so, the unrelenting circle continues. However, if one does not wish to inflict upon ones distinguished teachi ng assistant a painfully long dissertation of each members contributions to the tragedy and the results thereof, one ought to maintain, for arguments sake, that the majority of the culpability lies with James Tyrone, for his behaviour in regards to money, alcohol, and his own status as a failed actor.Jamess obtain had left the family when James was only ten years of age. This left James as the man of the family, working twelve hours each day to help provide for his mother and three sisters. As James explains, It was in those days I learned to be a miser(151). He feels proud of his savings, and announces to his family in regards to buying something I got them dead cheap(15). His own early credit entry of the importance of money explains his continual contempt for his own childrens lack of concern when it comes to workingWhat do you know of the value of a dollar? (150). He accuses Jamie of being lazy and having no ambition. Not only does James Tyrone wish his sons understood the val ue of money, but since they do not, he is forced to be miserly plentiful for the whole family. Consequently, the family resents his overly economic ways. There are many attacks throughout the play on James Tyrone for this, the first one being Jamie accusing him of not sending Edmund to a real doctor for his illness when he first got sick. Jamie says, Hardy only charges a dollar. Thats what makes you think hes a fine doctor (31).Later, other dialogue gives an even worse view of the situation Tyrone sending Edmund to a cheap sanatorium, but spending money on real estate JAMIE Well, for Gods sake, dissipate out a good place and not some cheap dump TYRONE (Stung) Ill send him wherever Hardy thinks best JAMIE Well, dont give Hardy your old over-the-hills-to-the-poorhouse song about taxes and mortgages. TYRONE Im no millionaire who empennage throw money awayWhy shouldnt I tell Hardy the truth? JAMIE Because hell think you want him to plop a cheap dump, and because hell now it isnt th e truth i especially if he hears afterwards youve seen McGuire and let that flannel-mouth, gold-brick merchant sting you with another piece of bum topographic point (82) Later realizing the anger this statement comes from, James Tyrone offers Edmund any place you like Never mind what it costs whatever place I can afford. Any place you like. Sadly, there follows the stipulation Tyrone cannot seem to shake off Within reason. (151). Cheap medical pull off seems to be Tyrones weakness.As Mary Tyrone makes clear, his tightfisted ways result, though inadvertently, in her downfall as well, due to a doctor giving her morphine as an easy fix. But bearing Edmund was the brook straw. I was so sick afterwards, and that ignorant quack of a cheap hotel doctor-All he knew was I was in pain. It was easy for him to stop the pain. (90) Tyrone is also to blame for his wifes oecumenical unhappiness, not just her addiction to morphine. Mary says to Edmund that she has neer been happy in the house, because Everything was done in the cheapest way. Your father would never spend the money to make it right. (45). The later(prenominal) scene has Mary come downstairs (60), in a detached sort of manner.She complains bitterly to Edmund about Tyrones inability to make a real home. He is too stingy to build a real home, with good servants, and so she has suffered all her life. When Tyrone himself comes in, she says in continuation of her previous statements Im sick and tired of pretending this is a home You wont help me (69). She goes on to say that had he remained a bachelor Then nothing would have happened. This indicates strongly that she blames him too.Tyrone condemns Mary for her addiction, yet feels no guilt or responsibility for it, taking away any amount of forgiveness readers may have parted with in Tyrones favour. The amusing part of this however, is while he condemns his wife for substance abuse, the same thing is his own major vice. Mary tells her husband I would never have married you if Id known you drank so very much (115). She also launches into a story about their honeymoon, when Tyrone was dragged home intoxicated. It appears that in a fashion similar to that of their father, Jamie and Edmund seem quite partial to alcohol.In fact, the entire family seems unable to confront reality without chemical assistance. Marys words indicate that drinking all day is a common Tyrone family activity I know what to expect. You will be drunk tonight. Well, it wont be the first time, will it i or the thousandth? (72). The Tyrone men validate their drinking habits with folk wisdom about whiskeys alleged health benefits Its before a meal and Ive always found that good whiskey, taken in moderation as an appetizer, is the best of tonics (68). Alcohol has contributed to Jamies failures.It has hurt Edmunds health. And it becomes a extension of conflict amongst Jamie and Tyrone, as Jamie consistently steals his fathers whiskey, replacing the amount taken with w ater, so his father wont take notice. Regrettably, the alcohol solves no problems, and problems get more intricate as the tongues loosen from the booze. The three men share a drink, but none of the social magic of alcohol seems to work. Tyrone, Edmund and Jamie remain as miserable as ever. The last, most driving element of James Tyrones guilt is his status as a failed actor.In act four of the play, James Tyrone relates something to his youngest son that he has never told anyone before. He explains that since his father left the family when he was ten, he grew up to be miserly. Thus he was quick to give up artistic fulfillment in exchange for financial security, ruining his career as one of the three or four young actors with the greatest artistic promise in the States(153). James Tyrone now muses that he doesnt even know what it was he had wanted to buy. It appears that James has never forgiven himself for this, and therefore inflicts it on his family and neighbours.Mary says in r egards to the neighbours they bowed to your father and he bowed back as if he were taking a curtain call(44). Jamie relates that Tyrone puts on an act for everybody (57). Tyrone begins to quote a play almost as tragic as his own family life, but his son, obviously well versed in his fathers repertoire of chastisements from King Lear, finishes the sentence before his father can continue, with to have a thankless child. I know(92). His sons also immediately think in terms of tragedy when referring to their father, quoting Othello in reference to Jamess snoring The Moor, I know his trumpet(21).It appears that Tyrone turns his own life into a tragedy, like the ones he once portrayed so well upon the stage, switching affections and emotions like he would have to between scenes, although his family isnt as accepting of this as Edwin Booth and the critics obviously were. But why bother to deal with the question of fault? After all, the characters themselves claim not to care about it, su ch as in act two, scene two, when James Tyrone tries to blame Edmunds consumptive state on Marys side of the family. Jamie cries out against blame Who gives a damn about that part of it

Petronas Twin Tower

Petronas Towers, also known as Petronas copulate Towers, are twin buildings situated in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on the site of citys race track. Of the two building, the one named Tower 1 was create by Hazama Corporation, while the other, known as Tower 2, was constructed by Samsung Engineering & Construction. The social organisation work on Petronas Towers was completed in 1998 and they were opened in August 1999. At the time of their completion, the twin buildings were the tallest buildings in the world and continue to be so till 2004.The interior design of the towers depicts the influence of Malaysian culture. An interesting fact is that the effort that went into the building of these towers, turned out to be global. The ho social function decorator was an Argentinian the consultants were from Canada, the structural design engineers were from New York and lastly two consortiums were hired one from Japan and the other from South Korea. Location Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malay sia Area 4,252,000 sq. ft. Built in 1 August 1999 Built by KLCC Holdings Architect Cesar Pelli There are 88 stories in Petronas Twin Towers.The Towers were designed by Argentine-American architect Cesar Pelli. The inception of Petronas Twin Towers is as much as 120 m deep and was built by Bachy Soletanche. Reinforced Concrete is the main material utilise in the construction of the Towers. Petronas Twin Towers make use of glass facade that was designed to resemble Islamic art motifs. The oerall height of the Towers is 483ft. Petronas Towers spread over an area or around 3. 7 million sq. ft. The sky-bridge of the Twin Towers is at 41st and 42nd level and is 192ft long. It weighs 750 tons.There are 10 escalators in each building of Petronas Towers. The entry to the Towers is free, simply plainly a limited number of timed tickets are provided on a daily basis. It cost US $1. 2 billion to build the Towers. aft(prenominal) the initial design by the architects, structural engineers we re called in to determine how the structures were to be actually built. Before construction began, the structural engineers performed site tests to ensure that the buildings, which had an estimated weight of over 300,000 metric tons, would have a good foundation.During these examinations, they found that the original site contained an underground cliff that made it unsuitable for building. With extra work and expense, the towers could have been built on this site, but the engineers predicted that in years to come, the towers would begin to tilt. They then decided on a site, 60 meters southeast of the original, where they could develop a more stable, render foundation. Each buildings foundation was set from 55 to 130 meters underground and contained individual supports surrounded by a mixture of sand and cement.The supports were then filled with a concrete mixture created especially for this project. This concrete was continuously poured for over 52 hours to ensure stability and a s mooth finish. The process of excavating the site and laying the foundation took about a year to complete. Subsequent to the foundation being set, construction on the towers began. Since constructing a tower this tall was new ground for the contractors involved, they were forced to use new ideas to aid in their task. They employed the Global Positioning Satellite system to calculate the accuracy of the towers vertical height.Instead of employing the conventional steel framework used in most skyscrapers, structural consultants opted for concrete. The designers realized that steel structures tended to be more flexible whereas the stiffer concrete would be more suitable for the job. Since the architect wished for tall, slender buildings, a new concrete, three times stronger than any other concrete used in construction, was developed and successfully deployed. The buildings floor beams were made from steel in ramble to minimize height.The fire alarm system is designed using specific fir e detection systems that include smoke and heat detectors, manual call points, sprinkler-system introduce and a firemens telephone / two-way intercom system. Each tower has an individual fire alarm . The fire safety plan of the towers is designed so that if a fire happens on a floor, the shuttle elevators will be available for use in evacuating residents. Other floors would be evacuated or residents relocated only if required. They can also go one tower to another through the bridge on 41 and 42 level if fire breaks out.

Love in the English Medieval Period Essay

INTRODUCTIONThe romance of Courtly Love practiced during the Middle Ages was combined with the Code of Chivalry. There were strict rules of motor lodgeeous shaft and the members of the woos practiced the artifice of genteel lamb across Europe during the Middle Ages. The romance, rules and art of conventional love in all toldowed sawbucks and ladies to show their admiration regardless of their marital state. It was a common occurrence for a married noble muliebrity to give a token to a knight of her choice to be worn during a medieval tournament. There were rules, which governed urbane love, still just abouttimes the riveies, who started their kind with such elements of cultured love, would become deeply involved. Examples of relationships, which were stirred by romantic motor innly love, valour and romance, are described in Sir Gawain and the spurt sawhorse and Chaucers married woman of Bath. more than illicit court romances were fuelled by the practice and a rt of courtly love. The well-nigh fertile field of the romance genre was the Arthurian romance.Closely related to the romance tradition were 2 idealized standards of behavior heroism and courtly love. Many ripe people think of chivalry as referring to a mans gallant treatment ofwomen, and although that sense is derived from the medieval chivalric ideal, chivalry includes more than that. Many modern people think of chivalry as referring to a mans gallant treatment of women, and although that sense is derived from the medieval chivalric ideal, chivalry includes more than that. Broadly speaking, chivalry, derived from the old French term for a soldier mounted on horseback, was a knights code of conduct.There was no single set of chivalric rules, plainly the existence of popular medieval chivalric handbooks testifies that chivalry was a well-known concept. Knights formed a distinct divide of medieval society, which was often thought of as being composed of three classes those wh o pray (the clergy), those who fight (the nobility), and those who work (the peasants). Most knights belonged to the nobility, if entirely because a knights equipment horses, weapons, armor, required considerable resources to fund. Violence, often bloody and horrific violence, was at the heart of what knights did. As highly skilled and well-armed fighting men, knights could be a force either for creating loving chaos or for maintaining public order.Unit 1- Background research on courtly love and chivalry1.1 Courtly love developed in the twelfth century among the troubadours of southern France, but soon spread into the neighboring countries and eventually colored the literature of most of Western Europe for centuries. It originated in the writings of the poet Ovid Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love). Andr the Chaplain (or Andreas Cappellanus), took as his model, Ovids Ars Amatoria (the Art of Loving). Ovids work concerns how to gain a woman, and among its rules are appropriate forms of dress, approach, conversation, and toying with a ladys affections, all designed to amuse. In the Ars Amatoria, the man is in accountant, and the woman is simply his prey.But Andr turned the Ars Amatoria upside-down. In his Liber de arte honeste amandi et reprobatione inhonesti amoris (Book of the Art of Loving Nobly and the imprecation of Dishonourable Love), the woman becomes the mistress of the game. It is she who sets the rules and passes judgment on the hopeful suitor. In Ovids work the lover sighs with passion for his pursuit, but in le Chapelains Liber the passion is pure and entirely for the love of a lady. The rules outlined in Andrs work are in umteen manners outlying(prenominal)from the reality of the times. In the medieval world, women rarely had any power to speak of. The nobility were warriors, and the arts of war, leadership and politics occupied their minds.More often than non, a noblemen thought of his wife, (or future wife) as a breeder, a servant, and a s ource of sexual gratification (his, non hers). Fidelity on her part was absolutely unavoidable to ensure the validity of the bloodline. Fidelity on his part wasnt an issue. Under any early(a) circumstances, le Chapelains Liber index have remained an interesting literary exercise (as Ovids Ars Amatoria was intended to be) or it might have been ignored or laughed out of serious literary circles. But with the historical background at precisely the right stage of development, in the court of Eleanor and on a lower floor the guidance of Marie, Andrs Art of Loving Nobly was literature to be lived.Two women who had a particular influence on the development of romance were Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen first of France and then of England, and her daughter Marie, Countess of Champagne (in Eastern France). Eleanor brought to the English court her interest in poetry, music and the arts, all of which were cultivated at the court of Aquitaine where she grew up (her grandfather William was the first known troubadour poet). In the vernacular narratives that were create verbally for and dedicated to Eleanor-early romances-we pass an emphasis on the sort of love relationship that is depicted in troubadour poetry, commonly known as courtly love (finamors in provenal, the language of troubadour poetry). The courtly love relationship is modeled on the feudal relationship amidst a knight and his liege lord.The knight serves his courtly lady (love helper) with the same obedience and loyalty, which he owes to his liege lord. She is in complete control of the love relationship, while he owes her obedience and submission (a literary design that did not correspond to actual practice) The knights love for the lady inspires him to do great deeds, in order to be deservingy of her love or to win her favor. Thus courtly love was originally construed as an ennobling force whether or not it was accomplishedd, and even whether or not the lady knew about the knights love or loved him in return.The courtly love relationship typically was not between husband and wife, not because the poets and the audience were inherently im clean, but becauseit was an idealized sort of relationship that could not exist within the context of real life medieval marriages. In the place ages, marriages amongst the nobility were typically based on practical and dynastic concerns quite an than on love. The idea that a marriage could be based on love was a radical notion. But the audience for romance was perfectly aware that these romances were fictions, not models for actual behavior. The adulterous aspect that bothers many 20th-century readers was somewhat beside the point, which was to explore the capableness influence of love on human behavior.Social historians such as Eric Khler and Georges Duby have hypothesized that courtly love may have served a reclaimable social purpose providing a model of behavior for a class of unmarried young men that might other than have threatened s ocial stability. Knights were typically younger brothers without land of their own (hence unable to support a wife) who became members of the household of the feudal lords whom they served. ane reason why the lady in the courtly love relationship is typically older, married and of higher social status than the knight may be because she was modeled on the wife of the feudal lord, who might naturally become the focus of the young, unmarried knights desire. Khler and Duby po sit that the literary model of the courtly love relationship may have been invented in part to provide these young men with a model for appropriate behavior, didactics them to sublimate their desires and to channel their energy into socially useful behavior (love suffice rather than wandering around the countryside, stealing or raping women like the knight in the Wife of Baths tale).Ovid described the symptoms of love as if it were a sickness. The unhappy knight became a conventional figure in medieval romance . Typical symptoms sighing, turning pale, turning red, fever, inability to sleep, eat or drink. papisticalces often contained long inner(a) monologues in which the lovers describe their feelings. For the troubadours of 12th C France who introduced it into literature, Courtly love had two basic, essential characteristics Love is irresistible and it is an ennobling force. No one is exempt from the service of the divinity of love who rules this world and extramarital sexual love, sinful to Christians, is the sole source of worldly worth and excellence. All the other characteristics of love that appear in the Canterbury Tales, for example, are simply trappingsdecorations. These belong to the general body of love literature. insofar these trappings, so ludicrous when exaggerated, have caused courtly love to be humiliated with romantic love and have brought it into disrepute.Since love is irresistible, no issue done under its compulsion can be immoral since humans are worthless unles s they acts under this compulsion, the necessity of practicing love in incumbent on each person. Courtly love not only approves and encourages whatever fans and provokes sensual desire, it not only condones fornication, adultery, and sacrilege, but it represents them as necessary sources of what it calls virtue. Love is a union of heart and mind as well as body. Sensuality for its own sake, the enjoyment of fleshly delights of and for themselves, is unconnected to courtly love. The wanton and the promiscuous practice such love. Hence, in the courtly love code fidelity is its greatest virtue and infidelity its greatest vice. Yet the Roman Church formally condemned both principles of courtly love. Archbishop Stephen Tempier at Paris condemned the irresistibility of love and love as the sole source of human worth on litigate 7, 1277.1.2 What is Chivalry? Chivalry is a system of discipline and social interaction that is derived from the warrior class of medieval times, especially and primarily the class of expert warriors who participated in the Crusades (12th-14th centuries). Chivalry has a discipline because those ancient soldiers trained themselves daily through learning and practicing the arts of attack and self-defense. These arts gave rise to the idea of control of the body, mind, and speech in the Knight. Further, the idea of social interaction developed because the Knight originally followed too-carefully the orders of his superiors who were interested only in battle with those who were eligible to fight, that is, civilians were not to be engaged in battle. From this idea of engaging only other Knights developed the idea of treating enemies and friends somewhat and equally. Men who excelled in battle were enjoyed with Knighthood, an extol first granted by Knights only.Then, later, as the honor of being a Knight grew, both Monarchy and the Church (Eastern Orthodox as well as Roman Catholic) began to participate in the selection and creation of Knight s. While the ideals of Knighthood were often violated by the Knight warriors themselves, yet theideals survived as Knighthood came to be thought of as an honor to be bestowed upon those who had proven themselves worthy. When the practice of the volunteer army and the use up for Knights as warriors faded a focus, the concept of the honorable and self-disciplined Knight remained, and the rank and status of Knight began to take on aspects of minor Nobility that one could achieve (rather than having to be born into).As an honor and status that men sought, Knighthood became a valuable establish and boon for Kings and Church to grant, either individually as a Knight Bachelor or as membership in an Order of Chivalry. Chivalry sets a standard of conduct that transcends era or culture. It maintains a code of conduct that traditionally upholds a practical guide to living in a ever-changing world, and it provides discipline within an undisciplined environment. Chivalry embraces a spiritual p ath of personal development that combines bravery and gentleness with a fierce compassion for the well-being of others. The knights interest and goal in life is to protect those who cannot defend, be it physical, spiritual, or economical and to fulfill a desire for personal excellence. building block 2 The chivalrous ideal and courtly love in Sir gawain and the Green Knight and The Wife of Bath 2.1 A knights behavior toward women, at least in the romance tradition, was governed by another standard known as courtly love. Medieval writers did not necessarily use that term, but it is a convenient modern label for an idea that appears frequently in medieval literature. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the poets term for it is courtesy. Scholars have debated whether courtly love was a social reality or purely a literary fiction, but in either case, it was a pervasive and influential notion. The ties between the romance genre and the courtly love tradition were well established even at this time, for when Cappellanus offered his rules of love, he brackets them with a story involving a knight on the way to the court of King Arthur. The courtly lover was a man (often a knight) who devoted himself to the service of his devout lady, making himself her servant if he was a knight all of his brave deeds were dedicated to his lady.Marriage to others was not a barrier to such love affairs, which were to be kept secret, with clandestine meetings and messages between the lovers relayed by go-betweens.The lovers unremarkably exchanged gifts or favors, normally a personal item such as a ring, glove, or build up, all of which appear in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. straightforward lovers became faint or sick with the strength of their love sleeplessness, lack of appetite, and jealousy were all symptoms of true love. A lover was expected to have fine dexterity and display perfect gentility. As with chivalry, the tension between courtly love and Christian morality was unavoidable. Much of the courtly love tradition assumed that the lovers would consummate their relationship sexually, regardless of whether they were married.A more Christianized version of courtly love placed the lover in courteous but decidedly chaste service to his beloved. Like chivalry, courtly love may have been more of an ideal than an actual practice, but that did not lessen its cultural importance. At first glance, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight seem to be a relatively simple story about the quest of a knight in Arthurian Camelot. Upon further examination, however, it becomes behave that interwoven within the simple plotline is an intricate relationship between men and women with an emphasis on the values of the time.Throughout this work, we are privy to a mannequin of literal and figurative dichotomies including those between men and women, court values and church values, girdle and pentacle, the Green Knight and Sir Gawain, Guinevere and Morgan de Fay, and the Virgin M ary and lady Bertilak. During the medieval period, the court and the church were of utmost importance codes of chivalry in the court were substantial factors in dictating the etiquette and specific behaviors of people as take the standd through its literature.What seems to have happened in medieval literature is this the pre-courtly love literature presented a fairly accurate portrait of womens fibre in society. Then, with the advent of courtly love some authors felt the need to conform the role of women in literature to that which was assigned to them by the philosophy of courtly love. (Malcor). In a sense, the medieval work in question does not seem to draw exclusively from either the pre-courtly or courtly genres in its discussion of the role of women, rather we see a mint of different women portrayed in clearly contrasting manners. Most notably, noblewoman Bertalik becomes a major(ip) figure of this work, as well as a symbolism of knightly virtues, or lack thereof. In the third part of Sir Gawainand the Green Knight, the story turns to Sir Gawain and Lady Bertalik on three successive days, Lady Bertalik meets Sir Gawain in his bedchambers and attempts to allure him.During the first two days, though tempting, Gawain manages to remain a model of both courtly and religious restraint and behavior meanwhile, Lady Bertalik extends herself as the aforementioned fairly accurate portrait of womens role in society. While some women of the time succeeded in being entirely pure, it was not uncommon for damsels to try and seduce men as they traveled about the lands. The third morning, however, Gawain succumbs to his own fear of death and accepts the lesser of two gifts offered by Lady Bertalik on promises that the magical girdle allow for protect him from all harm. The girdle was wrought of green silk, and gold, only braided by the fingers, and that she offered to the knight, and besought him though it were of little worth that he would take it, while in real ity, Lady Bertalik is knowingly tricking the unsuspecting knight (Weston, Part III).In addition, Lady Bertaliks gift is a strong symbol of womanhood and parallels both facets of pre-courtly and courtly literature. Like Lady Bertalik, the girdle is similar to the depiction of pre-courtly realism in which women maintained their outward appearance, but likewise had inner, wild sexual desires that were often unleashed as it is meant to be tied, but then removed to allow for free movement and expression. In slight contrast, the girdle may also illustrate the more courtly and idealistic viewpoint due to its restrictive qualities, which in theory, forces the girdle-clad to appear as a woman. The idea of the girdle enforcing a female faade is lost, however, when Gawain, himself, dons the green denomination thereby, excusing the idea that the girdle has any semblance of courtly qualities.For purposes of this argument that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight entertains two separate depiction s of society through literature, the realistic and the philosophic it is Guinevere who plays Lady Bertilaks opposite. Though she appears only briefly in this text, her role in courtly society is quite obvious. Seen at the opening feast given by her husband, King Arthur, Guinevere sits regally, but quietly beside her husband. While she expresses some momentary discontent when Arthur first offers himself up to the Green Knight it is almost entirely based upon her role as awoman and the wife of the king.In this particular piece of Arthurian literature, Guinevere is defined by specific binaries she is only what the king is not and she behaves the way that Lady Bertalik does not. Given this role, Guinevere exemplifies the pre-courtly dis slip of behavior and system the passive and silent, but perfect queen. As demonstrated through the actions and general social conduct of Lady Bertalik and Guinevere, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight displays a variety of women in several blatantly co ntrasting roles. While this, does substantiate the suggestion that the behavior of women has been projected differently throughout medieval literature.Like most medieval literature, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight participate in several important literary traditions that its original audience would have flat recognized. Medieval poets were expected to re-use established source materials in their own works. Modern readers sometimes mistakenly take this as evidence of how lacking in creativeness and originality the Middle Ages were. In reality, much of the interest of medieval literature comes from recognizing how one work of literature pulls against those that came before it, makes subtle changes from its sources, and invests old material with new meanings. One can read Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as simply a rollicking tale of adventure and magic or, alternatively, as a lesson in moral growth. However, understanding some of the literary and cultural background that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight draws upon can provide modern readers with a fuller view of the poems meaning.2.2 The Prologue and Tale of the Wife of Bath are among the most popular parts of The Canterbury Tales, and also cause a lot of trouble for critics. There are many various opinions about the character of Alison, ranging from utter individuality of the character to her being only a refined archetype of the old go-between. Many consider the distinction of her Prologue and Tale so problematic that there is need to explain the duality of her personality, and again many others focus on the common features of the Prologue and Tale. Probably the only thing about Wife of Baths Tale on which the critics agree is that its narrative voice and choice of topic is distinctly feminine, theworld of her tale is live by women with occasional obedient men. Alison is a feminist of her own making. Although many say that in the end she still submits to the rule of the patriarchal world, they do not take i nto account the time of her creation.When Alison struggles for respect in her own household, there is absolutely no awareness of feminine desire for equality, and it will still need several centuries before the Precieuses movement starts in France, influencing the whole Europe. Alison lives in a patriarchal world with strict views of women, and her domestic revolution seems outrageous in her times. Yet, in her Prologue, she presents that there is need for a distinctly feminine voice and tradition. Judging by Alisons Prologue, it seems extremely difficult for a woman to accept her position in the male tradition. In her Prologue, she therefore uses the traditional patriarchal ideas and expression, and yet she bends them to suit her purpose. When she argues for marriage as an equally important alternative to virginity, she quotes St. Paul, the major male authority that prefers virginity. But it is obvious that the educated account of texts she shows the reader is only knowledge acquir ed from her husbands, as the reader is later to realize.She is incapable of reading the texts for herself otherwise she would not use Jeromes interpretation of the encounter of Jesus and the Samaritan woman beside a well. She would use the source text to impeach Jeromes interpretation. But the Wife of Bath lacks the knowledge that it was not Jesus but the Samaritan woman herself who said she had no husband. Although the mind of the Wife is captured in medieval paradigms about women, she would gladly argue with Jerome just like she argued with her clerk husband, had she the knowledge of the original biblical text. The Wife also draws a decisive line between the biblical texts, which in no way express any obligation concerning the number of marriages, and the Church tradition created by men with no experience of marriage.What St. Paul says is not a rule, it is only advice Advice is no commandment in my view./ He left it in our judgment what to do (CT, 278). After her biblical lecture where the Wife uses many examples from the Old testament to show there are no strict rules established about marriage, she moves on to what she promises at the beginning of her Prologue, to experience If there were no authority on earth Except experience mine, for what its worth, And thats enough for me, all goes to show That marriage is a misery and a woe (CT,276) Yet, as she has also shown, womens reputation for zealous confessing paradoxically opened up opportunities of empowerment, as a number of female sham mystics, working with their attend- ant priests, created a lucrative theatre of spirituality in which the woman was the center of attention. The Wife of Baths Tale itself is another genre-experiment, which enacts the Wifes speculation By God If women had written stories, As clerkes han withinne hire oratories, They wolde han written of men moore wikkednesse Than al the mark of Adam may redresse. (III (D), 6936)The Tale is the retelling of a fairy mistress tale in which a k night finds that he can save his life only if he can find the answer to the question of what women want most. He goes on a quest in search of the answer and meets a loathsome old beldam who tells him that women most want to have control over men. The knight escapes death at the hands of his enemies, but in return must marry the old hag. In bed on their marriage night, she persuades him to face her, whereupon he finds that she has transformed into a beautiful young girl. She asks him whether he would prefer to have her beautiful by day or by night, but tired by now of trick questions, the knight leaves the decision in her hands. Because he has capitulated to her, she promises to stay young and beautiful always, and they live happily ever after.What a synopsis effaces is the way in which this story can be adapted to prompt various responses. In the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the narrative framework is deployed to allow Gawain, as hero, to demonstrate extreme chivalric behavior and win audience approval. Chaucers adaptation is more radical. The hero is a rapist, forced into the bargain set by the ladies of the court to save his life. There is no indication that he is remorseful, nor that the quest is penitential. He comes upon the hag because he spies on some young girls dancing in a wood, and much less emphasis is put on the grotesque appearance of the hag than in other romance versions. The radical change, however, is that he walks into the bargain with the hag without knowing his part in advance. She accompanies him back to the court where the bargain is uttered in public. The quest is, therefore, manipulated so that instead of being morally enhanced, the hero is humiliated. He has no chance to demonstrate Florents stoicism as all his opportunities for displaying bravery and chivalry are pre-empted by powerful and cynicalwomen.The values of chivalry are transposed ironically into a lecture given by the transformed hag to her husband on their w edding night in bed. The relationship between Prologue and Tale is not so much the simple matter of the Tale being adapted as the wish-fulfillment of the invented narrator rather the two sit in parallel, drawing attention through their internal juxtapositions of authorities and lived experiences, to the gap between official society and its mores, as enshrined in textual traditions, and the operation of other behaviors and performances. Her struggle is not one for domination in the relationship, as both her Prologue and Tale show. It is a struggle for love. She wants to be treated like a beloved lady in the courtly tradition, and repay her loving husband with respect and obedience.The essentially better view is that as a kind of special object lesson of Chaucer in the matter, she believes in harmony between partners, however it is arrived at (Stone, 85). Of course, it is difficult to pass judgment on Chaucers personal views, as Chaucer was very careful about revealing his opinions, but the choice of the topic, and the portrayal of the shrewish wife as an understandable and rather likeable character might be a certain sign of Chaucers own attitude. For all the problems in her first four marriages, Alison does not lose hope yet. In her climactic marriage with Jankin, the only one that ends up as a success, she is looking for love. She already has enough money and a good social standing, she could be very satisfied as a widow, a woman no longer subjected to any mans whim, and yet she decides to marry again.Alison needs her own money and the independence it gives. The command Prologue suggests that she also needs her own work and the status that goes with success. But she wants love as well and, in her relationship with Jankin, is romantic enough to believe that it will make money irrelevant .When Alison finds out she lost not only her money, which by the right of marriage now belongs to her husband, but also her integrity as her young husband tries to change her into an obedient wife with no life of her own, she starts to fight him. But before the physical struggle is described, Chaucer gives us a psychogenic picture of Alisons state, a picture of a tormented woman who lacks the words to defend herself, while her husband has all the available verbal weapons. finisThe poet positions Gawain at the center of the unresolved tensions between chivalry, courtly love, and Christianity. Gawain is famed as the most courteous of knights. In one sense, this creates the expectation that his behavior will be irreproachable in another, it assumes that he will be the most delightful of lovers for the lady who can snare him. The Lady of Haut desert exploits this tension to the fullest as she attempts to seduce Gawain. But the poet has also do clear that the beloved lady whom Gawain serves first is the Virgin Mary. As a thoroughly Christianized knight, he is forced to walk a fine line in defending himself. He cannot offend a lady, but neither can he give his hostess what she wants, because in doing so, he would be committing a sexual sin, as well as breaking chivalric loyalty and honor by betraying his host.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight cannot, therefore, be called a straightforward romance. It makes use of most of the conventions and ideals of the Arthurian romance, yet also points out its contradictions and failings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is not an anti-romance, however, nor is it a farce comedy, despite its lightness and good humor. When Chaucer laughs at Sir Thopas, he is mocking a tired genre, but when the Gawain-poet laughs, it is the generous laughter of friendship. The poets conservative and traditional approach to his timeworn material is what allows him to make it so engaging He understands and thoroughly appreciates the conventions of his genre. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight manages to highlight the weakest points of the chivalric tradition while still appreciating everything that makes chivalry so attracti ve, especially its uncompromising faithfulness to the highest ideals, even if those ideals are not necessarily attainable (accomplished).Andreas got the Christian world to accept his concept of love by the device of the double truth. Although Christian teaching and his De Amore are basically irreconcilable, they may exist side by side each in its own sphere. His main purpose was to provide a pseudo-psycho transparent and logical basis for the ideas and ideals of the troubadours. Reasoning and building on the nature of love and of humanity, he showed that love is the greatest good in this world, that it constitutes earthly happiness, and that it is the place of origin of all earthly good. Andreas proposed logically that if humans are viewed solely as rational and natural creatures, subjectonly to the laws of nature and reason, then they must enroll in the army of the god of love and seek the pleasures of the flesh so that they may be ennobled and grow in virtue and in worth. Aware o f the immoral and heterodox implications of his work, Andreas wrote On the Rejection of Love where he condemned Courtly love and implicitly retracted all he had written.A strong possibility exists that Chaucer knew of the so-called double truth. He would have been aware of the dangers involved in writing romances of Courtly Love, the risk of an accusation of upholding immorality and heresy. He possibly set out to meet these dangers 1. He is not interested in giving Courtly love a logical and philosophical grounding he simply uses it as a vehicle for his love stories. 2. Andreas suggests he writes from experience. Chaucer states again and again that he is not writing on love from personal knowledge from experience or from his own feelings on the subject. Chaucers status is always as a non-participant in lovea rank outsider. His relationship to love and lovers is to be their clerk, their servant and instrument to gladden them and advance them in their individual cause. He doesnt pa rticipate because he is unsuitable. Chaucer did strive for religious orthodoxy when, in the words of the Parsons Tale, he protests that he will stand for correction.If his repudiation is not in fear, it might be a salve to a Christian conscience revolted at the utter horror of Courtly Love with the tenets of Christian morality and faith. SUFFERING Love brings with it love melancholy or suffering. This was studied and in fact written on at length during the Renaissance, but it was known and made part of the fictional lover during Chaucers time. All in all, Chaucers attitude to women in The Canterbury Tales can only be judged as antifeminist. His portrayals of women are splendid and still attractive centuries after. He does not assert the male dominance in all his tales but he realistically employs different narrators to express different attitudes. Some of the tales question the medieval system of authorities, yet none of them is openly subversive.Chaucers female narrators cannot b e judged by todays standards of feminism and when they are looked at from the medieval point of view, the undertone of feminism in their behavior and tales emerges. They are concerned with bettering the conditions for women they gainsay the authorities in their tales. And although the women of the male tales are no revolutionaries, they are still humane enough for a modernreader to enjoy. Chaucer does not portray womens struggle for self-assertion, he unfolds the complex web of his society. Chaucers attitude to women as shown in his works is more complex than that of his contemporaries, and at the same time remains within the borders given by the society. Chaucer is a very careful poet and as such may be found inconvenient by some modern feminists.BIBLIOGRAPHYPrimary sourcesSri Gawain and the Green KnightWife of BathSecondary sourcesUmbetro, Eco. Cum se face o teza de licenta, Polirom, Bucuresti, 2006Dutu, Carmen. Eseuri si dizertatii. Metodologia crearii unei lucrari stintifice, E ditura Universitara Bucuresti, 2012G. C. Thornley and Gwyneth Roberts. An Outline of English Literature, Longman, Essex, 2008Chretien de Troyes. Arthurian romances, Penguin Books Ltd, Englad 1991Andreas Capellanus, The art of courtly love, Columbia University Press, New York 1960Bruce J. Douglas. Evolution of Arthurian romance from the beginnings down to the year 1300, Gloucester, Mass Peter Smith 1958Michel, Pastoureanu. La vie quotidienne en France et en Angleterre au temps des chevaliers de la Table Ronde, Hachette, Paris, 1976 1 . Courtly love. Modern term popularized by C. S. Lewis to describe the various kinds of love between man and woman described in the works of *trou- badours and others between the 11c and the 13c. The range of feeling ran from the dutiful respect owed a lords wife, to the adulterously sexual. One relationship was excluded, that between husband and wife. The genre first appeared in Provence and then spread through Europe. Appearing at much the same time as Arthurian tales, the two created a potent and memorable mix of *chivalry and romance. The French phrase amour courtois is a 19c coin- age. Cf. Aubade Pastourelle 2 . b. 43 BCE, Roman who wrote a parody on the technical treatises on loving. 3 . The Ars amatoria (English The Art of Love) is an instructional book series elegy in three books by Ancient Roman poet Ovid. It was written in 2 AD. It is about teaching basic Gentlemanly male and female relationship skills and techniques. 4 . Andreas Capellanus was the 12th-century author of a treatise commonly known as De amore (About Love), and often known in English, somewhat misleadingly, as The Art of Courtly Love, though its realistic, somewhat cynical tone suggests that it is in some measure an antidote to courtly love. 5 . Eleanor of Aquitaine was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages . As well as being Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, she was queen consort of France (11 371152) and of England (11541189). She was the patroness of such literary figures as Wace, Benot de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn. She belonged to the French House of Poitiers, the Ramnulfids. 6 . Marie of France, Countess of Champagne (1145 March 11, 1198) was the elder daughter of Louis VII of France and his first wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. 8 . French bishop of Paris during the 13th century. He was Chancellor of the Sorbonne from 1263 and bishop of Paris from 1268.He is best remembered for promulgating a Condemnation of 219 philosophical and theological propositions (or articles) that addressed ideas and concepts that were being discussed and disputed in the faculty of Arts at the University of Paris. 9 . Chivalry is as much about the skills and manners of a warrior class as with a literature derived from the deeds of those warriors, but presented in an idealized fashion which returned to define the manners of the warriors.Chivalry was a collocation of qualities made into a coherent ideal skill and courage, and a craving for glory or fame acquired through knightly skills and its necessary courage. 10 . Linda Ann Malcor Ph. D is an American scholarly person of Arthurian legend. She was selected as an Overseas Associate Member of the Late Antiquity Research Group.

Compair and Contrast: Zombies vs. Teenagers

Danger Zombies and Teenagers be Ahead Mindless and blood lusting bodies fill our streets. Dragging themselves around without purpose or progressive thoughts. One would think that they should closedown the doors and lock the windows. However its non just decaying zombi spirits that I speak of, its our teens. The biggest difference is the plain fact that teenagers atomic number 18 alive and golems ar undead. While twain teenagers and zombies are completely different looking on the outside, on the inside they are very similar. Both are dangerous when they roam in groups.They have no choice of who they are, solely I would like to show you how to understand both of them by comparing them to each early(a). Even how to destroy them. Danger is some involvement teenagers are al focussings getting themselves into, and when zombies are around everything else is in danger as well. Danger can be described as being put in harms way or threatening harm to others. A teenager is dangerous t o themselves and other teenagers. They are reckless and dont think before they act. Being reckless is a good issue for teenagers because they think they are invincible. Believing nothing bad leave happen to them.However because of this thought process, teenagers are the ones who get harmed, or in anguish more often then any other age group. The reason for this is because the people who watch out for them arent around at the times when teens are make the important decisions, that observe weather they get good or bad consequences. As a child an adult is all ways there to hold their hand and watch their back. As an older adult after the college years, ones life has calmed down and the realization of mortality sinks in therefore they are more metrical about what they do with there bodies and minds.Young adults and teens are new to a world full of wonders, they do much experimenting, to learn the cause and effect of the actions and decisions they make. For font a teenager is about to drive a car with many other teens in the vehicle. One teen turns the radio up and everyone is dancing in there seats, screaming and laughing. The driver is being put in a dangerous situation. With all the distractions, he could do serious damage to the car and everyone in it. Its true that sometimes the driver is fine and nothing bad happens but the situation is still dangerous because of the possibility of a harmful ending.Putting other people in danger is something that zombies do as well. Obviously zombies are dangerous to other people. They attack with no warning. They spread diseases, and dont in time have the thought process to care about who they are hurting. However what is not as obvious is that they are a danger to themselves. A zombie will walk right into danger without realizing they might die. The reason they dont realize this is because their is only one thing on their mind and that is BRAINS A zombie will walk straight toward a crazy redneck with a shot gun and w ont even flinch at a warning shot.A zombie with continue trying to eat a dog even after someone has chopped an arm or leg off of it. When a zombie pauperisms something they will do anything to get it, and this puts themselves in a whole lot of danger. Similar to a zombie a teenager is dangerous to themselves and others, fortuitously this behavior of recklessness will change and they will mature as they get older. A zombie on the other hand will neer be cured and most likely they will not live very long if they keep their recklessness up. Ever wonder why teens and zombies are never by themselves?Its because they want to protect themselves. Teens like to move in packs and the bigger the pack the better. They go to the movies in a group of three and they live up to another group in line for popcorn and they have grown in size. Teens show up at the mall because they hold up that someone they know will be their. If a teen is somewhere public alone they could be mistaken as a loser, and that would be traumatic for their written report. Therefore they ceaselessly have at least four to five buddies with them. Just like teens zombies need to be with other zombies, however its not for the company.Zombies like to go in packs everywhere because if they outnumber people, then they are more likely to be successful at their initiative attack. They are considered much more dangerous when in groups larger then three. If one were to spot a zombie alone they would feel superior and have no problem taking them down. Therefore zombies give out in groups no less then one hundred-sixty-six other brain eating peers. Weather someone is a teenager or a zombie they really dont have a choice on becoming what they are. Teenagers become teenagers through the lifecycle.Everyone wishes they could skip the hormonal, emotional, and awkward stage in their life, but they cant. Its part of being human. The reason teens are different then other age groups is the crazy thing that happen to their bodies. Which I wont go into because this is not a, What is Happening To My Body pamphlet. Everyone goes through being a teenager, but not everyone will be a zombie. However once someone is bitten they have no choice to becoming a zombie. Its a disease that travels through a violent contact. The only thing one can do to stop it is to not be bit, by fighting back.If you want to know how to destroy a zombie or even a teenager it is all very similar. Go for the brain. A teenagers mind is what keeps them going in life if you make them feel terrible, then they will be miserable. If one were to embarrass them or destroy their reputation then they will never be able to live it down and until their dying twenty-four hour period they will have never forgotten about the day their life was destroyed. Harsh? However so is bashing a zombies scull. It is their mind that would need to take damage to be destroyed. This is also the same way zombies are killed. demolish the brain.Even though z ombies dont use their brains, their body is still dependent on it to be undead. the brain must be smashed or shot or in some way mutilated to make sure the zombie doesnt come back. Disconnecting the body from the head is not enough. The body will still lead astray around and the head will still try to bite. The mechanics of this biological phenomenon are not completely understood by scientist yet. However the important thing is that if you kill the brain then you kill the zombie. The mind is a powerful organ for zombies and teens, and if you can take it out then you will succeed in destroying teenagers and zombies.While teenagers and zombies are on different levels of status, they are surprisingly similar to each other in many ways. Being dangerous and stupid are things that are not very positive to their attributes. However they can outnumber any other group. What they must go through is difficult on both of them as well. A teenager goes through body changes and is very sensitive and can be taken down easily through hurtful words. A zombie goes through a disease where they body decays and every one is trying to kill them. It seems like they are on the same boat. I wouldnt want to meet either one in a dark alley.

Ancient History: Cities of Vesuvius

Using Source A and B and your own knowledge, describe the main features of the economy in Pompeii. -The round of the main features of the economy in Pompeii consisted of Trade, Commerce, Industry, Occupations, and Public Works. -Trade Pompeii was the way for Nuceria and Nola, which made it the trading centre for mainly agricultural produce. on that point are suggestions for the size and nature of the port but this is readd on whether it was a sea port or a river port. Pompeii played an important role in the economy of the Campanian region.Commerce There were plenty of shops in Pompeii, but the evidence to what was change in them is very little, and archaeologists can hardly determine what was sold in them. Some shops that have been determine though are a masons shops and a carpenters shop, both these shops were determined through paintings that had both masons and carpenters tools on it. Markets were important as well. The macellum which was patch upd in the Forum and sold meat and fish. The forum featured a courtyard, a colonnade and a row of shops. The evidence that supports the macellum is fish bones and scales found in a expire beneath the forum structure.Although, not all shops or markets had permanent locations. Evidence from the praedia or estate of Julia Felix makes it clear that there were temporary stalls that sold goods such as shoes, or metal vessels. There were plenty of bars and inns in Pompeii and were mainly located on the main roads and near the gates. The many thermopolia (Source B) acted as bars, the dolia or large terracotta pots embedded in the counters of these shops are generally acknowledged as food or drink holders. Buildings identified as inns have been locate near the Nuceria Gate and the Forum. They consisted of courtyards and upper floor rooms. Industry Industry played an important part in the economy of Pompeii.Agriculture, Wine and chromatic rock oil performance were predominant. Pliny once stated more skill was needed to produce olive oil than wine, because the same tree produces different kinds of oil. The green olive was the olive that had the outstanding taste, and was used mainly for olive oil production. Most of the pressing of oil (Source A Olive Press) was done in the rich estates, but nearly were found in Pompeian houses and the Forum granary. Generally presses had to be warmed with large fires, and Cato once stated Pompeian presses built from lava stone were the best.Once olive oil was pressed it was sold at the Oblitarium or oil markets. -Occupations There is a large amount of evidence from Pompeii concerning the varied occupations of the population. Pompeii had a large community of artisans which include artists, metalworkers, potters and glassblowers. There were tradesmen, wealthy merchants, manufacturers and service industries employing bakers, innkeepers, bath attendants and brothel keepers. Some evidence to support these occupations are the artworks from Pompeii that depicted cupi ds engaged in the various crafts and occupations of the townspeople.

Degrading a Famous Work of Art

Degrading a famous work of art. As the painting fame spread. It was inevitable that the icon would attract the iconoclast and be debunked. The main induct was Marcel Duchamp (Sassoon, p. 265). Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) was known as an artist with a sense of humor, who also claimed that art could made out of anything at all, and getting famous in around 1917. He promoted Dadaist ideas that we can see it clearly through his art style, a little bit violent to the traditional art.He created the new thought on the original one by changing a little bit some figures on the work under the new title and show polar point of view. Marcel Duchamp referred L. H. O. O. Q as a readymade or assisted readymade which he did not make it. He transformed Mona Lisa work in about 1919, and highborn with L. H. O. O. Q core She has a hot ass in French. Marcel Duchamp took a cheap postcard of Mona Lisa, and sketched a beard and moustache on her face with implying meaning that she is man the one in the p icture is portrait of real man.In addition, he really cared about da Vinci Da Vincis intent time. Besides, Duchamp had psychoanalyzed Leonardo sexual life to art, and argued Leonardo Da Vinci was homosexual. As a criticized artist, Marcel Duchamp somehow discovered he hidden self-portrait points on the picture along with his researches about Leonardo Da Vincis art life works and then disclosed the secrets behind the painting. The other word, Marcel Duchamp considered that Mona Lisa is a portrait of Leonardo Da Vinci.This is the answer why Duchamp gets much famous in his life of art. The idea has shocked a lot of people that they never thought about, and with this later on, Leonardo sexuality had been researched continuingly. Until now, with the modern technology, Lilian F. Schwartz compared Leonardo portrait on Mona Lisa theme in 8 steps variations first from Leonardo turn to become Mona Lisa, we can explore the this idea more closely.However, some(prenominal) the rumors are, in the fact, the paintings fame now has been spreading all over the world. Mona Lisa has been talked about, written about, copied, and even parodied. Positively or negatively, we all agree that all the criticized comments, ideas show that everyone is really cared about this masterpiece, and the mystery behind it. Leonardo Da Vinci is a greatest artist ever who has big influence to the world art and inspire later multiplication artist. Degrading a Famous Work of Art By angelianl 234

AP Bio Lab

However, the e pigments will eve up the chromatography paper at different steps because they ar not e equally soluble to the solvent. Photosynthesis has dickens main stages, the lightheartedness reaction and the lightheartedness reaction. Light independent reactions occur only in the light a ND unveil TAP and NADIA which are then used by the lightheartedness reactions to fuel its pr access. Part B of this lab involves differing variables of light and carbon dioxide and the effects they have on the roll of photosynthesis.In this experiment, the rate of photosynthesis will be assured through the floating of leaf disks in radical. Ill. Hypothesis, Materials, and Method part A Hypothesis The plant will produce varying bands of yellow and light-green pigment TTS along the chromatography paper. Part B Hypothesis The more light or carbon dioxide there is, the faster the rate of p Hottentots. IV. Variables Independent Variable Colors of the bands Dependent Variable Plant pigment part e Independent Variable Sodium bicarbonate solution Dependent Variable Time each disk took to floatControl Water/Soap solution without carbon dioxide V. Data and Observations. Part A Plant Pigments and Chromatography Observations The plant produced basketball team visible bands of color dark green, light green, green, light yellow and dark yellow. All of the bands were the same distance apart ex kept for band 4 and the solvent front which were both mm apart. Data Band Distance(mm) Band Color o. Scorn dark brown 2 1. Mm light green 3 2. Mm green 4 4. Mm light yellow Solvent Front 6. Mm dark yellow Part B Photosynthesis

Philosophical analysis Essay

Judging from the topics raised in the Introduction of this work, it is clear that whiz must(prenominal) consider Buddhism a suit of school of thought that is, as a way of carriage. Many authors deem already proceeded to claim that this particular religious phenomenon is chiefly characterized by the numerous practical precepts which serve as guides towards an instruct living. It is good to note that Buddhism, pretty much like philosophy, is concerned with the pursuit of enlightenment or accuracy. An tyro self immortalized perhaps in Western Philosophy by Platos Allegory of the Cave is surely the goal why one enters into philosophical discourses.In so far as Buddhism offers its own trenchant ways to attain enlightenment as well, it is therefore with good reasons that one should classify this religion as philosophical in many ways. Buddhism however does not stop at stipulating suggestions for right living alone. As a musical arrangement of belief, it also offers perspect ives about the whole of ingenuousness. Like philosophical discourses, Buddhism is a belief system that speaks of its perspective about the ultimate realities like humankind existence, cosmology, human knowledge, ontology and god.Surely, there is a need to flavor into these briefly Buddhisms take on reality encourages an placement of detachment on account of a belief that everything is impermanent (Griffiths, 1997, p. 16), and therefore in a state of constant flux. Much of Buddhisms view about reality rests on the belief that the world is full of diversity, and the more is able to happen upon or appreciate it, the closer is one to the truth about the ever passing universe (Williams, 1989, p. 3).This idea is interestingly shargond by an ancient Western philosopher that went by the name Heraclitus, who taught that fire- an element in a perpetual state of movement is the basic element that constitutes reality. Buddhism, one need to remember, is not so much concerned with the rig orous definition of reality. But in so far it embraces an attitude of non-attachment in relating to all(a) things, Buddhism has to anchor this belief system on a formidable reason that ones attachment everyplace things is futile given the fact that all things pass away.In fact, most of what Buddhism teaches is pull from this ontological belief and this doctrine of impermanence must be go overn as a recurrent write up in its whole system of perspective. As far as Epistemology is concerned, the doctrine of impermanence is also maintained. Buddhism teaches that nix cigarette be known with exact certitude because all things are ephemeral and thus, as mentioned a while ago, they are not what they seem (Griffiths, 1997, p. 19). Everything is subject to change and passes away.Thus, one may not pull through at a definitive knowledge about things at all. Which is why, Buddha maintained that dissatisfaction is a constant mind that defines the feelings of all who search for knowledge or truth (Mitchell, 2002, p. 33). No one is able to know what reality is and its appearance is often misleading. One may notice that this epistemology is actually consistent with Buddhisms anthropology, or, its dread of human nature. If one checks the teachings of Buddha about man, one can clearly see the doctrine of impermanence as evident in it too.Buddha believes that human nature is nothing but a constitution of events called materiality, sensation, conceptualization, volition and consciousness (Griffiths, 1997, p. 20). This type of anthropology views man not as an existing individual substance (which most of Western Philosophy have understood what human nature is), but an impermanent self constituted by personal events (Griffith, 1997, p. 20). cosmogeny for Buddhism follows the same line of logic. Constant flux is patent in its belief that the world follows a regular recurrence of birth and rebirth, of cycle and current, of existence and passage.The bulk of Buddhisms teachin gs therefore solemnly enjoin its adherents to develop an attitude of detachment. Anchored on a belief that nothing in this world ever remains the same over a period of time, Buddhism points that the path towards Nirvana or ultimate sense of bliss lies in a state of total freedom from what this world actually offers. Lastly, it is quite interesting to point out that Buddhism seldom engages in a question about the ultimate reality or God. Broadly speaking, the whole philosophy of impermanence is at odds with a concept of deity.The general theory about God stipulates that It is a Supreme Being defined by eternality, omniscience, omnipotence and changelessness. In a belief system where the central truth about reality rests on the ephemeral nature of all things, the concept of God is really something dangerous to conceive (Griffiths, 1997, p. 22). How can there be such a Being when the general characteristic of all things supposedly including God is change and flux? More importantly , one can ask how can one consider Buddhism a religion at all if one is not willing to reconcile its theology with its ontology?Griffith believes that the metaphysics of impermanence makes Buddhism deny the existence of God all together (Griffith, 1997, p. 23). But the image of Buddha as the example of their quest for a transcendent end, translated in Nirvana, is perhaps the only figure of deity Buddhism actually posses. oddment Buddhism is both a philosophy and a religious movement. As a philosophy, it offers its adherents a way of life observed in a tradition marked by meditation, introspection, constant purgation of desire and an staring(a) quest for enlightenment.As a religious movement, it is concerned with the pursuit of transcendent ends (Slater, 1978, p. 6) they call Nirvana. Buddhism offers its own understanding of reality too. Its doctrines are highly influenced by the teachings of its founder Gautama Buddha. In this paper, it has been noted that their belief system can also be evaluated under the categories which Western philosophy uses metaphysics, epistemology, cosmology, anthropology and theology.These aspects are given meaning by a pervading concept of impermanence and dissatisfaction. Buddhism draws largely from a belief that everything in the world is impermanent, and that all people are enjoined to meet it with an attitude of detachment and self-control. The path towards true enlightenment happens only when one is able to see beyond what reality offers, and seek the true meaning of existence that lies only within.References Humphreys, C. (1997). A Popular dictionary of Buddhism.Chicago NTC. Griffiths, P. Buddhism. In Quinn, P. & Taliaferro, C. (Eds. ), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion. Massachusetts Blackwell. McCutcheon, R. (2007). Studying Religion. An Introduction. London Equinox. Mitchell, D. (2002). Introducing the Buddhist Experience. New York Oxford University Slater, P. (1978). The dynamics of Religion. Meaning and Change in Religious Traditions. San Francisco Harper and Row. Williams, P. (1989). Mahayana Buddhism. Doctrinal Foundations. New York Routledge.

Installing Openmrs Essay

There ar two ways to install OpenMRS Standalone, and Enterprise. You must have Java 6 or higher installed on your system to sour OpenMRS. OpenMRS Standalone provides a simplified installation option with an embedded database and mesh server. It is a great(p) way to evaluate and explore OpenMRS, letting you get a local version up and ladder within minutes, and includes download options with sample data.OpenMRS Standalone should run fine for smaller installations (fewer than 10,000 patient records), but if you are shot up a large installation, we recommend using the Enterprise installation. If you are non sure which makes sense, you dope start with a standalone installation and migrate your data to the opening version later. OpenMRS Enterprise is appropriate for larger installations. If you already have a Java servlet container and a database installed, and you want to set up OpenMRS to use these resources, you should as well as use OpenMRS Enterprise.OpenMRS Standalone To i nstall the standalone version, download the ZIP burden and decompress it, then double-click the openmrs-standalone. collide file to run it. The first time you run this file, it will install OpenMRS and open your browser to the new OpenMRS instance. Do not delete or rename any files or f ageingers after decompressing the ZIP file. These files and folders are undeniable by the standalone installer. Alternatively, from the ascendency line, you potentiometer navigate to the decompressed folder and run the following command java -jar standalone-1. 1. jarOn Linux, you can in like manner double-click on the file named run-on-linux. sh. If you are prompted for how to run it, just select run. Alternatively, you can use a command line shell to navigate to the decompressed folder and run the following command ./run-on-linux. sh Upgrading Standalone To upgrade a copy of OpenMRS Standalone, do the following substantiation the preliminary version of OpenMRS Standalone and exit the applica tion. transfer and extract the most recent version of OpenMRS Standalone. Copy your database directory from the previous version to this new OpenMRS directory.Copy your openmrs-standalone-runtime. properties from the previous version to this new OpenMRS directory. Install OpenMRS Standalone as described above. The new version of OpenMRS will run with your old data. Logging in By default, the initial username and password are as follows Username admin Password Admin123 You must in a flash change the admin password after installation for security purposes. To change your password, click My Profile in the f number right of OpenMRS, and choose the Change Login Info tab. Update your password, then click Save Options.You can also change your username, and provide your real name, on this screen. Stopping and Restarting As long as OpenMRS is running, you can communicate to the application by opening the following URL in your browser. http//localhost8081/openmrs-standalone/ Before you ch ange certain preferences, such as the air on which MySQL or tom turkey runs, you must stop the application. To stop the application, use the Stop button in the user interface, or choose File > Quit. Alternatively, run the shock file on the command line with a -stop parameter.You can restart the GUI by clicking Start, or double-clicking on the bump around file again. Alternatively, you can run the JAR file with a -start parameter. By default, OpenMRS runs the MySQL database on port 3316, and the Tomcat server on port 8081. To use a different port, stop the application, then change the port number in the openmrs-standalone-runtime. properties file or in the GUI, and restart. To override the port from the command line, run the JAR file with a -tomcatport or -mysqlport parameter. Changing the port number will change the URL utilise to access the application.To access the application, you can choose File > Launch Browser, or run the JAR file with a -browser parameter. OpenMRS E nterprise You must have Apache Tomcat and MySQL installed on your system before installing the enterprise version of OpenMRS. Download the Enterprise WAR package from http//openmrs. org/download/ Navigate to the Tomcat Web act jitney and enter your Tomcat administrator credentials. http//localhost8080/manager/html Browse to the location of the openmrs. war package, and position it. The initial setup which follows may take some time.At the end of the process, the Web Application Manager will refresh, and /openmrs should be displayed in the list of applications. Tomcat should also start the application (Running = True). Open the OpenMRS web application to complete the initial setup process. http//localhost8080/openmrs Getting Started with OpenMRS Enterprise The first time you run OpenMRS, the setup wizard will help you configure your installation. Follow the instructions in this wizard to set up your database, and populate it with test data if necessary.

Legal Studies †Basic Legal Concepts Essay

Law is a find of rules that is binding the companionship. A set of rules that can be enforced and is offici ally recognized. Law must be capable or remediate and change as societys values and ethics change. Relationship between customs, rules and laws-Customs and rules rate behavior but the courts do not enforce them on community members. The community may broadly speaking see a custom as aright but it is not legally enforceable. Rules, however, may visit offenders but rules only apply in certain circumstances and beas. Laws are legally sanctioned and are enforced by the courts.Although the community generally accepts all three, rules and customs do not have the very(prenominal) legal sanction as laws. An example of this is fastball in public restaurants. It was a custom for cheat on owners to provide a smoking and non-smoking section in their restaurants. Once the dangers of smoking became known rules were put in to prevent smoking in restaurants. Laws were then passed in public interest to make sure that smoking was only allowed in outdoor sections of restaurants.* They are all types of rules* They can all be made into laws * They all regulate human behaviour * They all carry consequences when they are breeched, sanctionsValues- Principals or attitudes which society sees as important. The lesson principles and tenets which reflect societys judgment about the importance of different things. a personal belief system Ethics- a set of moral beliefs governing behaviour. Ethics define what we consider to be the right and wrong way to behave. a code of conduct moral principles Characteristics of Just Laws* It is enforceable * It is binding on the community * It is in the publics interest * It is discoverable * It is accepted by the community * It reflects community moralityNature of rightness * Equality- equal treatment or equal opportunity. That all people are entitled to enjoy the same rights, responsibilities, opportunities and that no one should be privileged or disadvantaged. * Fairness- achieving equal outcomes for people. Achieving bonny and equal outcomes according to generally accepted ideas about what is right and just.* AccessibleProcedural Fairness, Principles of Natural Justice * The right to be heard * The right to have a decision made by an artless decision maker * The right to a decision based on logically relevant consequence Justice- a concept about what is right and wrong and what is fair and unfair. A combination of elements such as, equality, equity and reasonableness Rule of Law Everyone is subject to the same laws, no one is above the law. Punished every bit through sanctions (penalty) Anarchy- a state of chaos resulting from the absence of laws and/or government. Tyranny rule by a single leader holding absolute power in a nation-state

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Paper

I. Intro paragraph a. Hook In the Irish American community of Brooklyn in the 1900s, immigrants faced discrimination and crushing poverty b. In the gentleman that Betty Smith describes in A Tree Grows in Brooklyn however, this poverty is depicted as a mixture of virtue, a force that causes individuals to grow, and families to bond c. Yet, while female characters like Katie and Francie grow from overcoming the hardships brought on by poverty, Francies father grayback Nolan is defeated by it and ends up dying of alcoholism.In the 1900s, sex roles and social expectations of men and women were more(prenominal) than(prenominal) rigid than today, and both sexes were supposed to stay within sexual practice boundaries d. In telling the story of Katie and Johnny Nolan, Betty Smith reveals how often times immigrant women like Katie, who went against gender stamps, survived and grew from the hardships of poverty, while men like Johnny, who tried to suffer their gender role, were defea ted by it. II. 1ST Body paragraph a. In the beginning of the novel, he has ground a job, only when it is as a low paying waiter and unstable.Even so, he dresses with style, is handsome, and seems content existence a singing waiter. He is able to bring in home cash to his wife, Katie. His daughter, Francie always helps him get his stoop tie on and he calls her pre-Madonna, then she eagerly awaits his return with her brother Neely, for he always bring back treats like caviar and oysters. They are a happy family. However, Johnny loses his job and his family becomes more and more hungry, but he cant help them. He cant find a nonher(prenominal) job i.In the early 1900s, men were supposed to provide for their family, but as Johnny Nolan illustrates, this was hard for immigrant men. ii. maybe not universe in control and not being able to bring home money to his family makes him feel like a waste and a failure, for as the story goes on, he drinks more and more until he dies of alcoh olism. Katie tries to help her husband, She told him it was a good thing, that suffering would harden him, would teach him such a lesson that hed stop drinking. But poor Johnny just wouldnt harden. (P. 98) iii.Johnny grew up with the gender stereotype of the man of the house being the breadwinner, and in the Irish American community in Brooklyn, he cannot satisfy this role. III. 2ND Body paragraph i. Yet, Katie has no choice and level though the cleanup job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work ii. In contrast, Katie, Francies mother, is able to overcome poverty because she breaks down the gender stereotypes of what a married woman should do in her time Katie goes out of the house to work. At that time, were anticipate to stay home and be cared for while caring for the children iii.Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work. Thus, as she faces poverty, we see Katie rise to the challenge by being flexib le. In contrast to Johnny, she is able to experience poverty as a learning experience and change. At one point she says to passersby, Look at that tree growing up there out of that grating. It gets no sun, and water only when it rains. Its growing out of sour earth. And its strong because its hard battle to live is making it strong.My children will be strong that way. IV. 3RD Body paragraph a. Johnny and Katie Nolan, lay out a theme of gender difference in the overcoming of poverty for immigrants i. Katie is flexible and able to adapt, so she lastly obtains a better life. She does not stay within her gender role of remaining in the house, but goes out to work. In contrast, Johnny is unable to be as flexible and his stubbornness in keeping within his gender role and his own idea of his responsibility to his family eventually destroys him ii.Betty Smith does not justness Johnny in her novel, but rather portrays him as a sympathetic and highly likeable, but he is a conflicted and ultimately tragic character. V. Conclusion paragraph a. In the patriarchal society of the early 1900s that Betty Smith describes in her book A Tree Grows In Brooklyn, it would seem logical if women did not average as well as men in times of difficulty. After all women had fewer rights. They could not vote or get the same wages as men i. By going against gender stereotypes, Katie is able to persevere and overcome poverty, while her husband, Johnny Nolan, who tries to follow them, is defeated iii.In 2012 many women get down confounded gender boundaries Hilary Clinton is Secretary of state, Lady Gaga and Beyonce are millionaires and international pop stars. Men too have broken out of gender stereotypes for it is socially acceptable for men to work at home and even earn less than women. In A Tree Grows In Brooklyn, however, Betty Smith captures a world, gone now, in which strict gender roles defined a persons life. But for immigrants, trying to make a start in America, the need to a dapt and go against these gender roles was critical.